2025 Darcy Lecturer — Dr.Grant Ferguson, University of Saskatchewan
Grant Ferguson is a professor of hydrogeology in the Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan. He also holds a joint appointment in the School of Environment and Sustainability at the University of Saskatchewan and is an adjunct professor at the University of Arizona and University of Waterloo. Ferguson holds a B.Sc. from the University of Waterloo and a Ph.D. from the University of Manitoba. His research focuses on the hydrogeology of deep groundwater systems, paleohydrogeology, the hydrogeology of the Canadian Prairies and sustainable development of groundwater resources. Ferguson is currently vice president, North America for the International Association of Hydrogeologists and has served as President of their Canadian National Chapter. He is also an associate editor for the journal Groundwater.
Lecture 1 – Deep Groundwater and Deep Time
The volume of continental groundwater is enormous, rivalling the amount found in ice sheets. Fluxes from groundwater to surface water are responsible for generating a substantial portion of streamflow globally but these fluxes are dominated by relatively shallow groundwaters (<500 m deep) and have short residence times. Deeper groundwaters are responsible for generating only a small amount of streamflow and a disproportionate amount of depletion of storage relative to streamflow capture tends to occur when they are pumped. The relative isolation of deeper groundwater systems has made these environments a target for carbon sequestration, disposal of produced waters from the oil and gas industry and nuclear waste isolation. However, despite the small fluxes of water between deep groundwater and the rest of the hydrologic cycle, geochemical fluxes can be substantial due to the elevated concentrations of many elements in deep groundwater. Deep groundwaters also contain microbial ecosystems that make up a considerable amount of the Earth’s biomass. Studying these systems is challenging not only due to the fewer windows into deeper subsurface but also because of the different processes and time scales that should be considered. While topography-driven flow still dominates many deep groundwater systems, variations in fluid density and various geological processes can drive fluid flow. Boundary conditions need to consider shifts in climate and geologic forcings over long time periods and, in some cases, changes in the flow system geometry, notably due to burial and denudation. Improving our understanding of this frontier of hydrology will require new approaches, new tools and collaboration with other disciplines in the geosciences and beyond.
Lecture 2 – Living Fossils: Ancient Groundwaters in the Anthropocene
The bulk of groundwater on Earth is fossil, having been recharged more than 12,000 years ago. Past definitions classified these waters as nonrenewable because the aquifer systems containing them are not replenished on human timescales. Scrutiny of this definition suggests that it is overly simplistic and may result in preventing access to groundwater to improve water security in some cases or while failing to prevent excessive depletion in others. In many aquifers, groundwater residence times are long because of their large storage volumes; there is no reason to believe that using groundwater from large aquifers is less sustainable than using groundwater from smaller aquifers if recharge rates have not varied appreciably over time. In cases where past climates were much wetter, there has been concern that groundwater will not be replenished under current conditions. Examination of groundwater age distributions suggests that this situation is relatively uncommon. Substantial groundwater storage anomalies are unlikely to persist in areas containing fossil groundwater due to the differences between the rates of transport and hydraulic diffusion, except in very large regional aquifers. This difference in behaviour between storage and transport has been confirmed by recent studies using stable isotopes of noble gases to reconstruct past water table depths. Changes in storage associated with past climates appear to be smaller than those associated with anthropogenic depletion of groundwater, including cases where modern and fossil groundwaters have been extracted. The long response times of many groundwater systems allow them to mediate water and solute fluxes within the Earth system over long time periods. Their lack of sensitivity to current climate changes will make them a strategic resource, if used at appropriate rates.